Recently a new science behind incentives(激励),   ___  (include) in education, has been discussed. For example, researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children  ___  (do) better in school. ____  some cases, he gave students incentives based on input(输入), like reading certain books, while in  ___, the incentives           _    (base) on output, like results on exams. His main   __  (find) was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect when based on output. Fryer’s conclusion was that the incentives for inputs might be    ____ (effect) because students do not know how to do better on an exam, apart from general rules like “study harder”. Reading certain books, on the other hand, is a well-set task over    ___  they have much more control.
As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have   __  much higher chance of success. And it’s easier to start again   you fail, because you know exactly what you need to do.