高中英语阅读填空

  Have you heard or read stories about people who are sick and have been healed by listening to music? Is it a miracle or a successful form of medicine? Can listening to music relieve pain?
Around the world, music therapy(疗法) is being used to treat different medical conditions and illnesses. Some of the ways people use music therapy are to reduce pain, such as in childbirth or during cancer treatments, or to stimulate brain activity after an injury or money loss. Music therapy has also been successful in aiding children to overcome disabilities. Children can move their bodies with the music and stamp along to the beat.
Why is music a useful therapy? Music is soothing and relaxing, but it also stimulates our brains. Emotionally and physically, we respond to the sounds of music. But the complexity of music (the different tempos, rhythms, melodies and harmonies) provokes(激发) the biggest response. Thus, classical music is most typically used for therapies due to complex sounds and patterns. Although rap or hip hop might be fun to listen to, it’s unlikely that such styles of music would produce the same kind of therapeutic effect. Playing a musical instrument rather than simply listening to music can also be therapeutic for some people, helping relieve stress and anxiety.
Have scientists been able to prove that music can heal disease? Music has been shown to reduce pain in cancer patients by increasing the release of endorphins(内啡肽). Endorphins are the body’s natural painkillers, and when we listen to music, our brains respond by releasing these natural painkillers. It has also been known to contribute to the brain development of the babies who have just been born and even babies still in the mother’s womb. Certain, types of music have also been found to lower blood pressure and slow a person’s heart rate. Many people are hopeful that music could replace the need for some medications(药物) that are normally used to treat certain illnesses. At present, music therapy is used in a variety of settings such as hospitals, rehabilitation centers, nursing homes, day cares and schools.
Although music therapy is not yet considered a mainstream treatment, it is recognized more and more as a useful addition to traditional treatment. So next time you are feeling low or stressed out, put on some relaxing music and let the music heal you.

Title: Music That
The   of music therapy	To treat different medical conditions and illness	To reduce pain
to   brain activity
To overcome
How does music therapy   ?	Music is smoothing and relaxing; it stimulates our brains; classical music is a   due to its complex sounds and patterns. Playing a musical instrument is also useful in   stress and anxiety.
Scientific proofs	Music has been shown to reduce pain in cancer patients by increasing the release of endorphins. It has also been known to contribute to the brain development of the   babies. Certain types of music have also been found to lower blood pressure and slow a person’s heart rate.
	Music therapy is recognized as a useful   to traditional treatment.

 
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  Being on bad terms with your neighbors can make your life frustrating day after day. But taking the time to establish a good relationship with your neighbors has a good many benefits. The community will be friendlier, the neighborhood safer, and the area a nicer place to live in. There are some suggestions to develop a good relationship with your neighbors.
Whether you’re new in the neighborhood or new residents who have just moved into your block, introduce yourself. Say hello, offer a welcoming gift and share or ask about the local area.
Sometimes, you can remedy(补救) problems before they even start; for example, if you do a lot of yard work, let them know in advance and mention that if it’s getting too loud, they shouldn’t hesitate to let you know.
Be aware of the shared walls, if you and your neighbors share adjacent(相邻的) living spaces. Try to put noisy household appliances such as washing machines and tumble dryers away from the shared walls.
Keep your pet dog on a leash(皮带) if it has a habit of running rampant on your neighbors’ lawns, especially if they have a pet cat or a pet dog of their own, and ensure to clean up after it.
When you park your vehicle, be sure not to block anyone’s access, or make them have to pull out of a very tight spot. Don’t slam(砰地关上) your car doors late at night.
Weed your garden in a regular way, because the presence of weeds in your yard is not only unsightly but can also spread to your neighbor’s yard.
Really good neighbors watch out for each other. They offer to help, especially on matters that impact the larger neighborhood and look for opportunities to communicate. Great neighbors make for great neighborhood.

Topic: To be a good neighbor
Importance of   a good relationship with your neighbors	● Being on   terms with your neighbors can make you frustrated day after day. ● A good relationship with neighbors has numerous benefits,   a friendlier community, a safer neighborhood and a nicer and more comfortable area.
Steps to develop a good relationship with your neighbors	● Introduce yourself when you are in a new area. ● Care about others and let them know they can point out your problem without any  . ● Be   of the shared walls if your neighbors share adjacent living space. ● Make   you clean up after your dog runs on your neighbors’ lawns. ● When you park your car late at night,   slamming your car doors. ● Weed your garden  .
Conclusion	● Good neighbors have a(an)   on more people, offer to help have seek opportunities to communicate. ● Great neighbors   to great neighborhoods.

 
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  Some people believe that greed and selfishness has become the basis of modern society, and we should return to the old traditions of family and community, then we will have a better life. To that extent do you agree or disagree with the above opinion?
In this fast-paced world, many values are undergoing major changes. While people traditionally prioritize caring, sharing and generosity in life and work, modern people seem to be more self-absorbed and self-concerned.
Modern people act selfishly to survive the harsh competition of life. They say that it is a jungle out there. To survive, you have to fight with whatever means that come handy. Obviously greed and selfishness go perfectly well with such ideas. In a company, employees do everything they can to get better pay and higher position, even at the cost of colleagues. We are in any way advocating any selfish conduct. It is just that people are pressured to act in a certain way due to outside influences.
In spite of common practice, it is hard to conclude that modern society is built on greed and selfishness, both of which are not newly invented vocabulary. In ancient times people also did greedy and selfish things though such behaviors were more condemned then. But we can not ignore the fact that people in the past lived a relatively more isolated life and faced less pressure compared with their modern counterparts.
Are we happier to share with others and be generous to them? There is no fixed answer either. Some people take great pleasure helping and giving to others while others feel happy doing the opposite. But I personally think that people should not be too selfish. Caring for others can actually encourage the development of a mutually beneficial relationship.
In conclusion, modern people appear to be more self-centered than those in the past due to strong outside pressure. However, we should encourage people to know the importance of being caring and generous and to build a mutually beneficial relationship with others.
Are Modern People Becoming More Selfish？

Main comparisons	Contexts
are changing.	In the past people put caring, sharing and generosity in the first  .
Nowadays, people seem to be more   about themselves.
are changing too.	People in the past appeared to be modest and self-effacing（谦逊的）.
People may strive to achieve their own   at the price of their co-workers.
The author’s understanding
for the changes in the author’s eyes	Fierce   and great   on modern people may be responsible for the changes.
The author’s   towards this topic	A relationship which can   two sides should be established.

 
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  Being on bad terms with your neighbors can make your life frustrating day after day. But taking the time to establish a good relationship with your neighbors has a good many benefits. The community will be friendlier, the neighborhood safer, and the area a nicer place to live in. There are some suggestions to develop a good relationship with your neighbors.
Whether you’re new in the neighborhood or new residents who have just moved into your block, introduce yourself. Say hello, offer a welcoming gift and share or ask about the local area.
Sometimes, you can remedy(补救) problems before they even start; for example, if you do a lot of yard work, let them know in advance and mention that if it’s getting too loud, they shouldn’t hesitate to let you know.
Be aware of the shared walls, if you and your neighbors share adjacent(相邻的) living spaces. Try to put noisy household appliances such as washing machines and tumble dryers away from the shared walls.
Keep your pet dog on a leash(皮带) if it has a habit of running rampant on your neighbors’ lawns, especially if they have a pet cat or a pet dog of their own, and ensure to clean up after it.
When you park your vehicle, be sure not to block anyone’s access, or make them have to pull out of a very tight spot. Don’t slam(砰地关上) your car doors late at night.
Weed your garden in a regular way, because the presence of weeds in your yard is not only unsightly but can also spread to your neighbor’s yard.
Really good neighbors watch out for each other. They offer to help, especially on matters that impact the larger neighborhood and look for opportunities to communicate. Great neighbors make for great neighborhood.

Topic: To be a good neighbor
Importance of   a good relationship with your neighbors	● Being on   terms with your neighbors can make you frustrated day after day. ● A good relationship with neighbors has numerous benefits,   a friendlier community, a safer neighborhood and a nicer and more comfortable area.
Steps to develop a good relationship with your neighbors	● Introduce yourself when you are in a new area. ● Care about others and let them know they can point out your problem without any  . ● Be   of the shared walls if your neighbors share adjacent living space. ● Make   you clean up after your dog runs on your neighbors’ lawns. ● When you park your car late at night,   slamming your car doors. ● Weed your garden  .
Conclusion	● Good neighbors have a(an)   on more people, offer to help have seek opportunities to communicate. ● Great neighbors   to great neighborhoods.

 
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  Society today tells us that automatic pencils are a lot better than manual ones which you have to sharpen every 5 seconds. Maybe this is true. However, there are some benefits from using an old-fashioned traditional pencil which you cannot get with an automatic one.
To be honest, it is quite convenient to use an automatic pencil with an easy press on the button. Meanwhile a manual pencil doesn’t enjoy any plus point. But it is sort of strange that manual pencils should be used in standardized tests today. Chances are that the manual pencil makes the line of grey look nicer.
Nowadays, it is always a battle of who has the newest, most high-tech gadget(小装置), from pencils, cars to clothes. The newer it is, it seems the more popular it becomes. If you walk around school, you will for sure find at least three out of ten people walking around with the latest iPhone 4S. If you are one of the luckier ones walking around with the newest Nokia phones, you will get laughed at.
Maybe an automatic pencil is better at the moment, but after using it for a while, usually the pencil will break. Most people lose them and don’t remember to carry extra lead(铅芯) to fill them up with, as it sometimes can do so much that it needs a lot of lead, just like an iPhone 4S needs to be charged after it has done so much work. As for the manual pencil, the lead will also run out but unlike the mechanical pencil it will last longer. Besides, the automatic pencil and the iPhone 4S are more likely to get stolen while the manual pencil along with the Nokia phone will be left alone and most likely-returned to you.

Title	Automatic Pencils   Manual Pencils?
People’s   towards different high-tech gadgets	●The newer-gadget like the iPhone 4s becomes more   . ●You will be   at if using the Nokia phones at school.
Advantages	●We can use the automatic pencil more easily by   the button. ●The manual pencil is   to make the line of grey look nicer. ●The manual pencil can last longer.
	●The automatic pencils usually tend to   after being used for a while. ● People often   to take more lead along to fill the automatic pencil up with. ● with the manual pencil, the automatic one is more likely to get stolen.

Some people believe that greed and selfishness has become the basis of modern society, and we should return to the old traditions of family and community, then we will have a better life. To that extent do you agree or disagree with the above opinion?
In this fast-paced world, many values are undergoing major changes. While people traditionally prioritize caring, sharing and generosity in life and work, modern people seem to be more self-absorbed and self-concerned.
Modern people act selfishly to survive the harsh competition of life. They say that it is a jungle out there. To survive, you have to fight with whatever means that come handy. Obviously greed and selfishness go perfectly well with such ideas. In a company, employees do everything they can to get better pay and higher position, even at the cost of colleagues. We are in any way advocating any selfish conduct. It is just that people are pressured to act in a certain way due to outside influences.
In spite of common practice, it is hard to conclude that modern society is built on greed and selfishness, both of which are not newly invented vocabulary. In ancient times people also did greedy and selfish things though such behaviors were more condemned then. But we can not ignore the fact that people in the past lived a relatively more isolated life and faced less pressure compared with their modern counterparts.
Are we happier to share with others and be generous to them? There is no fixed answer either. Some people take great pleasure helping and giving to others while others feel happy doing the opposite. But I personally think that people should not be too selfish. Caring for others can actually encourage the development of a mutually beneficial relationship.
In conclusion, modern people appear to be more self-centered than those in the past due to strong outside pressure. However, we should encourage people to know the importance of being caring and generous and to build a mutually beneficial relationship with others.
Are Modern People Becoming More Selfish？

Main comparisons	Contexts
are changing.	In the past people put caring, sharing and generosity in the first  .
Nowadays, people seem to be more  about themselves.
are changing too.	People in the past appeared to be modest and self-effacing（谦逊的）.
People may strive to achieve their own   at the price of their co-workers.
The author’s understanding
for the changes in the author’s eyes	Fierce   and great   on modern people may be responsible for the changes.
The author’s   towards this topic	A relationship which can   two sides should be established.

  Society today tells us that automatic pencils are a lot better than manual ones which you have to sharpen every 5 seconds. Maybe this is true. However, there are some benefits from using an old-fashioned traditional pencil which you cannot get with an automatic one.
To be honest, it is quite convenient to use an automatic pencil with an easy press on the button. Meanwhile a manual pencil doesn’t enjoy any plus point. But it is sort of strange that manual pencils should be used in standardized tests today. Chances are that the manual pencil makes the line of grey look nicer.
Nowadays, it is always a battle of who has the newest, most high-tech gadget(小装置), from pencils, cars to clothes. The newer it is, it seems the more popular it becomes. If you walk around school, you will for sure find at least three out of ten people walking around with the latest iPhone 4S. If you are one of the luckier ones walking around with the newest Nokia phones, you will get laughed at.
Maybe an automatic pencil is better at the moment, but after using it for a while, usually the pencil will break. Most people lose them and don’t remember to carry extra lead(铅芯) to fill them up with, as it sometimes can do so much that it needs a lot of lead, just like an iPhone 4S needs to be charged after it has done so much work. As for the manual pencil, the lead will also run out but unlike the mechanical pencil it will last longer. Besides, the automatic pencil and the iPhone 4S are more likely to get stolen while the manual pencil along with the Nokia phone will be left alone and most likely-returned to you.

Title	Automatic Pencils    Manual Pencils?
People’s    towards different high-tech gadgets	●The newer-gadget like the iPhone 4s becomes more    . ●You will be    at if using the Nokia phones at school.
Advantages	●We can use the automatic pencil more easily by    the button. ●The manual pencil is    to make the line of grey look nicer. ●The manual pencil can last longer.
	●The automatic pencils usually tend to    after being used for a while. ● People often  to take more lead along to fill the automatic pencil up with. ●  with the manual pencil, the automatic one is more likely to get stolen.

I used to be the messiest person alive．Over the years, through watching others and by trial and error, I have finally found ways to come up with plans, organize them and follow through with them．
Make an outline of everything you need to have and do to make your plan happen．Make a list of all of the steps that need to be accomplished and think about what needs to be done．
Detail everything thoroughly and read over it so you can start coming up with some mental solutions of how to carry out your plans．
You should ensure that if for some reason way one doesn’t work, you have way two and way three to lean back on．Therefore, different ways are needed at hand．It’s just a matter of being organized．Chances are that there is always more than one way of doing things, and chances are that if one of those ways doesn’t work, one of the other ones will．
Commit yourself to finishing at least part if not all of your plan at once is also necessary．It will show that you not only have initiative to get things rolling, but that you are interested in the results obtained with making the move to get everything done．
If you make a commitment to finish before a specific time, make sure that you carry that out, and be sure to do everything in the way you said you would, within the time-frame you set for yourself．
Don’t try to tackle more things all at a time．All that does is delay your progress, distract you and make you lose your interest, motivation and energy．
Carrying out an effective plan requires being as organized as possible．You will only achieve this by sticking to the order of the plan and not deviating or trying to do more at a time．
Last but not least, you should never abandon things mid-project．It will only annoy everyone around you including yourself．Unfinished plans are a waste of time, energy and, in some cases, even money．
So, don’t be afraid of organization．The older we get, the more necessary it becomes to have the skills to follow through with confidence and to be able to carry through plans in an organized and manageable way．It pays to be organized, after all．

Title: Tips on how to bein your life
Tips	Details
down your plan	◆List everything you need ◆List theyou will follow	To make your plan happen
Prepare three ways to carry out your plan		Tothat you can have some other choices when one way doesn’t work.
to finish at least part of your plan if not all	Do everything your own time-frame	To show yourself you are determined to get things started and caring about the results.
Do one thing at once	Stick to the order of your plan	To save your interest, motivation and energy
Finish what you have started		To get your planout thoroughly．
You shouldn’t be afraid of organization because it’s really worthwhile．

 
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阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在表格中的空白处填入恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
New discoveries suggest that trade between Europe and Asia along the Silk Road probably began many centuries earlier than once thought. The findings add a fascinating new page to the epic(史诗) of the Silk Road, which spread far and wide in no time.
The latest and most surprising discovery is pieces of silk found in the hair of an Egyptian mummy(木乃伊) from about l,000 BC, long before regular traffic on the Silk Road and at least one thousand years before silk was previously thought to be used in Egypt. Other researches may extend human activity along this road back even further, perhaps a million years to the moving of human ancestors into eastern Asia.
The official origin of East-West trade along the road is usually placed in the late 2nd century BC when an agent of the Chinese Emperor Wu-di returned from a dangerous secret task across the desert into the remote high country of Central Asia. The agent, Zhang Qian, traveled as far as Afghanistan and brought back knowledge of even more distant lands such as Persia, Syria and a place known as Lijien, perhaps Rome. Historians(历史学家) have called this one of the most important journeys in ancient times. His journey opened the way for what have been thought to be the first indirect touches between the ancient world’s two super-powers, China and Rome. Chinese silk, first traded to Central Asia for war horses, was soon finding its way to the markets of Rome through a network of businessmen.
But the new discoveries show that Chinese silk apparently existed in the West long before the Han emperor started to organize trade over the Silk Road. The research could change thinking about the early history of world trade and provide comprehension into the mystery(谜) of just how and when Europe first realized the glorious culture at the other end of Eurasia.

Title: New Discovery of the Silk Road
Introduction	New findings about the ________ of trade along the Silk Road are spread far and wide in no time.
Discovery	☆The silk thread found in the hair of an Egyptian mummy from about 1,000 BC makes all feel greatly _______ . ☆The discovery suggests the trade along the Silk Road may ________ back to an earlier time than once thought.
Zhang Qian’s ________	☆Being accepted as official ________ of East-West commerce along the Silk Road. ☆Opening the way for the first ________ touches between the ancient China and Rome. ☆ ________ Chinese silk to Central Asia and Persia. ☆Making Chinese silk ________ the markets of Rome.
Summary	☆Show the ________ of Chinese silk in the West long before the Han Dynasty. ☆Change thinking about the early history of word trade. ☆Help to solve the puzzle of Europeans’ first realizing ________ culture.

There are ______ kinds of theme parks, with a different park for almost everything: food, culture, science, ______, movies or history. Some of them ______ having the biggest or longest roller coasters. ______ and whatever you like, there is a theme park for you.
In the fantasy ______ park of Disneyland, you may see Snow White or Mickey Mouse in a parade or on the street. Disneyland also has many exciting rides, from giant ______ ships to terrifying free-fall drops. With all these ______, it is ______ that tourism is increasing _____ there is a Disneyland. Dollywood, being one of the most ______ theme park in the world, shows and celebrates America’s traditional southeastern culture.

The back-to-school season is upon us, and once again, parents across the country have loaded their kids’ backpacks up with snack packs and school supplies. It’s a good moment to reflect on what else we should be giving our kids as they head off to school.
American parents are feeling particularly anxious about that question this year. The educational process feels more than ever like a race, one that starts in pre-school and doesn’t end until your child is admitted to the perfect college. Most parents are more worried than they need to be about their children’s grades, test scores and IQ. And what we don’t think about enough is how to help our children build their character—how to help them develop skills like perseverance, optimism, responsibility, and self-control, which together do more to determine success than S.A.T. scores or I.Q.
There is growing evidence that our anxiety about our children’s school performance may actually be holding them back from learning some of these valuable skills. If you’re concerned only with a child’s G.P.A., then you will likely choose to minimize the challenges the child faces in school. With real challenge comes the risk of real failure. And in a competitive academic environment, the idea of failure can be very scary, to students and parents alike.
But experiencing failure is a critical part of building character. Recent research by a team of psychologists found that adults who had experienced little or no failure growing up were actually less happy and confident than those who had experienced a few significant setbacks in childhood. “Overcoming those obstacles,” the researchers assumed, “could teach effective coping skills, help engage social support networks, create a sense of mastery over past adversity, and foster beliefs in the ability to cope successfully in the future.”
By contrast, when we protect our children from every possible failure—when we call their teachers to get an extension on a paper; when we urge them to choose only those subjects they’re good at—we are denying them those same character-building experiences. As the psychologists Madeline Levine and Dan Kindlon have written, that can lead to difficulties in adolescence and young adulthood, when overprotected young people finally confront real problems on their own and don’t know how to overcome them.
In the classroom and outside of it, American parents need to encourage children to take chances, to challenge themselves, to risk failure. In the meantime, giving our kids room to fail may be one of the best ways we can help them succeed.

Back to School: Why Perseverance Is More Important than Good Grades?
Common phenomena	☺Parents throughout America    their kids’ backpacks up with snacks and school supplies.
☺Many American parents don’t   enough importance to their kids’ character building.
The writer’s	Parents should pay more attention to their kids’ character building.
Evidence and      findings	☺Parents’ anxiety about their kids’ performance may             them from learning some valuable skills.
☺Parents concerned only with a kid’s G.P.A. have a   to minimize the challenges the child faces.
☺Adults who have experienced a few significant setbacks in childhood are    and more confident than those who haven’t.
☺Denying kids character-building experiences can   in difficulties in adolescence and young adulthood.
The writer’s suggestions	☺    kids to be risk-takers.
☺Give kids room to experience   .

 

I used to be the messiest person alive. Over theyears, through watching others and by trial and error,I have finally found ways to come up with plans,organize them and follow through with them.
Make an outline of everything you need to haveand do to make your plan happen. Make a list of allof the steps that need to be accomplished and thinkabout what needs to be done.
Detail everything thoroughly and read over it soyou can start coming up with some mental solutionsof how to carry out your plans.
You should ensure that if for some reason wayone doesn't work, you have way two and way three tolean back on. Therefore, different ways are needed athand. It's just a matter of being organized. Chancesare that there is always more than one way of doingthings, and chances are that if one of those waysdoesn't work,one of the others will.
Committing yourself to finishing at least part ifnot all of your plan at once is also necessary. It willshow that you not only have initiative to get thingsrolling, but that you are interested in the resultsobtained with making the move to get everythingdone.
If you make a commitment to finish before aspecific time, make sure that you carry that out, andbe sure to do everything in the way you said youwould, within the time-frame you set for yourself.
Don't try to tackle (处理) more things all at atime. All that does is delay your progress, distract youand make you lose your interest, motivation andenergy.
Carrying out an effective plan requires being asorganized as possible. You will only achieve this bysticking to the order of the plan and not deviating ortrying to do more at a time.
Last but not the least, you should never abandonthings mid-project. It will only annoy everyonearound you including yourself. Unfinished plans are awaste of time, energy and, in some cases，evenmoney.
So,don't be afraid of organization. The older weget,the more necessary it becomes to have the skills to follow through with confidence and to be able tocarry through plans in an organized and manageableway. It pays to be organized, after all.

Title: Tips on how to be ____ in your life
Tips	Details	___
____ down your plan	List everything you need List ____ you will follow	To make your plan happen
Prepare three ____ ways to carry out your plan		To ____ that you can have some other choices when one way doesn’t work
____ to finish at least part of your plan if not all	Do everything ____ your own time-frame	To show yourself you are determined to get things stared and caring about the results
Do one thing at once	Stick to the order of you plan	To save your interest, motivation and energy
Finish what you have started		To get your plan ____ out thoroughly
____
You shouldn’t be afraid of organization because it’s really worthwhile.

Travelling to all corners of the world gets easier and easier. We live in a global village,  but this doesn't mean that we all behave in the same way.
How should we behave when you meet someone for the first time? An American shakes your hand firmly while looking you straight in the eye. In many parts of Asia, there is no physical contact () at all. In Japan, you should bow, and the more respect you want to show, the deeper you should bow. In Thailand, people greet each other by pressing both hands together at the chest. In both countries, eye contact is avoided as a sign of respect.
Many countries have rules about what you should and shouldn't wear. In Korea, you should takeoff your shoes when entering a house. Remember to place them neatly together where you came in.
In Spain, lunch is often the biggest meal of the day, and can last two or three hours. For this reason many people eat a light breakfast and a late dinner. In Mexico, lunch is a time to relax, and many people prefer not to discuss business as they eat. In Britain, it's not unusual to have a business meeting over breakfast.
In most countries, an exchange of business cards is necessary for all introductions. You should include your company name and your position. If you are going to a country where your language is not widely spoken, you can get the back side of your card printed in the local language. In China, you may present your card with the writing facing the person you are giving it to.

Title: Good ______
Aspect	Country	Custom
______	·America ·Japan ·______	·Shaking hands firmly ·______to show respect ·Pressing both hands together at the chest
Dressing	·Korea	·Taking off your shoes at the ______
Eating	·Spain ·Mexico ·_ _____	·Having a light breakfast and a late dinner ·Relaxing while having ______ ·Holding a business meeting over breakfast
Doing business	·Most countries ·China	·Exchanging business card when _ _____ yourself ·Presenting a card to a person _ _____ its front facing him
Conclusion: When travelling_ _____, we should follow local customs.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Since the earliest civilizations, people have controlled rivers to meet society’s demands. Today, rivers are controlled for many reasons, primarily to maintain reliable water supplies for daily, agricultural and industrial needs, for power generation, for navigation(航行), and to prevent flooding.
River control is achieved by channelization, a term that covers a range of river engineering works, including widening, deepening, straightening and stabilization of banks, and by the construction of dams.
An important period of channelization took place in Europe during the 19^th century, when many large rivers were straightened and their beds deepened. One of the most dramatically changed was the Tisza River, a branch of the Danube that flows through Hungary. The controlling of the Tisza, designed to reduce flooding and make land for agriculture, included cutting off more than 100 meanders(河曲), shortening the river’s length by nearly 400 kilometers.
One of the most common ways in which people control rivers is by damming them. The past 50 years or so has seen an increase in dam construction worldwide, and at the beginning of the 21^st century, there were about 800,000 dams globally, some towering more than 200 meters in height.
Despite their successes, many dams also cause significant environmental changes that prove harmful. Some particularly deep reservoirs(水库)can bring about earthquakes due to the stress on their bottom rocks caused by huge volumes of water. Downstream of a reservoir, the river is certainly influenced in many ways: water volume, speed and quality are all affected, leading to changes in the landscape and among plants and animals.

_____   _____   _____ _____  _____
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Simon Sinek is naturally shy and doesn’t like speaking to crowds. At parties, he says he hides alone in the corner or doesn’t even show up in the first place. He prefers the latter. Yet, with some 22 million video views under his belt, the optimistic ethnographer also happens to be the third most-watched TED Talks presenter of all time.
Sinek’s unlikely success as both an inspirational speaker and a bestselling author isn’t just dumb luck. It’s the result of fears faced and erased, trial and error and tireless practice, on and off stage. Here are his secrets for delivering speeches that inspire, inform and entertain.
Don’t talk right away.
Sinek says you should never talk as you walk out on stage. “A lot of people start talking right away, and it’s out of nerves,” Sinek says. “That communicates a little bit of insecurity and fear.”
Instead, quietly walk out on stage. Then take a deep breath, find your place, wait a few seconds and begin. “I know it sounds long and tedious and it feels excruciatingly awkward when you do it,” Sinek says, “but it shows the audience you’re totally confident and in charge of the situation.”
Show up to give, not to take.
Often people give presentations to sell products or ideas, to get people to follow them on social media, buy their books or even just to like them. Sinek calls these kinds of speakers “takers,” and he says audiences can see through these people right away. And, when they do, they disengage.
“We are highly social animals,” says Sinek. “Even at a distance on stage, we can tell if you’re a giver or a taker, and people are more likely to trust a giver — a speaker that gives them value, that teaches them something new, that inspires them — than a taker.”
Speak unusually slowly.
When you get nervous, it’s not just your heart beat that quickens. Your words also tend to speed up. Luckily Sinek says audiences are more patient and forgiving than we know.
“They want you to succeed up there, but the more you rush, the more you turn them off,” he says. “If you just go quiet for a moment and take a long, deep breath, they’ll wait for you. It’s kind of amazing.”
Turn nervousness into excitement.
Sinek learned this trick from watching the Olympics. A few years ago he noticed that reporters interviewing Olympic athletes before and after competing were all asking the same question. “Were you nervous?” And all of the athletes gave the same answer: “No, I was excited.” These competitors were taking the body’s signs of nervousness — clammy hands, pounding heart and tense nerves — and reinterpreting them as side effects of excitement and exhilaration.
When you’re up on stage you will likely go through the same thing. That’s when Sinek says you should say to yourself out loud, “I’m not nervous, I’m excited!”
Say thank you when you’re done.
Applause is a gift, and when you receive a gift, it’s only right to express how grateful you are for it. This is why Sinek always closes out his presentations with these two simple yet powerful words: thank you.
“They gave you their time, and they’re giving you their applause.” Says Sinek. “That’s a gift, and you have to be grateful.”

Passage outline	Supporting details
to Simon Sinek	●He is byshy and dislikes making speeches in public. ●Through hiseffort, he enjoys great success in giving speeches.
Tips  on  delivering speeches	●Avoid talking for it indicates you’re nervous. ●Keep calm and wait a few seconds before talking, which will create an that you are confident.
●Try to be a giver rather than a taker because inwith a taker, a giver can get more popular and accepted. ●Teach audience something new that they canfrom.
●Speak a bit slowly just to help you stay calm. ●Never speed up while speaking in case youthe audience.
●Switch nervousness to excitement by the example of Olympic athletes.
●Express yourto the audience for their time and applause to conclude your speech.